Mining and mineral trade can support economic development and channel value towards some of the poorest communities on the planet.
Most resource-rich countries are CAHRAs. Mining is linked to scores of local threats which represent reputational and legal risk to buyers.
Procurement standards and regulation now exist to guide engagement in CAHRAs, universally incorporating the OECD Guidance as risk management framework.
Costs of due diligence cut into narrow operational margins and incentivise illegal trade. Due diligence expectations are vague and restricted in their scope, leading to persistence of risk.
